..Mitogen‑ and stress‑activated protein kinases, MSK1 and MSK2, are activated by the RAS‑MAPK (RAS‑RAF‑MEK‑ERK) and p38 MAPK pathways, and mediate the primary response by connecting mitogenic and stress extracellular stimuli with immediate‑early gene expression. MSK1/2 substrates...

..The mitochondrion provides a coordinating platform to anchor and compartmentalize distinct and interactive protein complexes to sustain basic life functions. These include bioenergetics, reactive oxygen species regulation, autophagy, apoptosis and type 1 interferon innate immune response. A...

..Worldwide, it is estimated that over 350 million individuals are carriers of chronic hepatitis B. It is generally accepted that at least 50% of them were acquired perinatally or in early childhood, especially in countries where hepatitis B is endemic. The majority of newborn infants who become...

..The immune system is essential to both combat infection by pathogens and promote tissue repair and wound healing. Failure of the immune system can occur on many levels. For instance, an inability to sense and react to pathogens will result in high mortality rates, an inability to differentiate...

.. Tn7 is a bacterial DNA cut and paste transposon that is distinguished by its ability to use several different pathways for target selection.  It may insert into a single specific chromosomal site called attTn7 that provides a “safe haven”, insert preferentially into a conjugating...

.. Bacteroides spp organisms, the predominant commensal bacteria in the human gut have become increasingly resistant to many antibiotics. They are now also considered to be reservoirs of antibiotic resistance genes due to their capacity to harbor and disseminate these genes via mobile...

..RIG‑I‑like receptors (RLRs) are DExD/H box RNA helicases that play an essential role in antiviral innate immunity. RLRs sense viral infection by recognizing the non‑self structure of viral RNA in the cytoplasm and then trigger antiviral interferon (IFN) responses to eliminate invading...

..Mobilisable elements are genetic entities such as genomic islands, plasmids and transposons that are capable of intercellular movement, but are not in themselves conjugative. These elements rely on co‑resident conjugative elements to provide in trans factors that facilitate their transfer to...

..The E‑Cell System is an advanced platform intended for mathematical modeling and simulation of well‑stirred biochemical systems. We have recently implemented the Spatiocyte method as a set of plug in modules to the E‑Cell System, allowing simulations of complicated multicompartment...

..Many Trim proteins are up‑regulated by interferons, suggesting that they might be involved in the innate immune response against viruses. Indeed, some members of the family have been shown to be either regulators of the interferon pathways or to be directly involved in the restriction of...